Choosing a New Director of Research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Picking a New Director of Research - Case Study Example In spite of the fact that the three competitors appear to be commendable up-and-comers, Alexa and Kelsey will in general be progressively centered around components of solace and innovativeness than results (Northouse, 2010). In such manner, Thomas had recently demonstrated comparable qualities through his achievements at GLF, which earned him the regard of his kindred associates. It is evident that a decent pioneer ought to be free with different specialists so as to build up a decent working relationship. Thomas is free with different partners and offers thoughts with them as a result of his tremendous involvement with the organization. Sandra Coke ought to go for somebody who is gifted and comprehends the market elements so as to exploit the new patterns in the business (Collins, 2014). Thomas merited the advancement as a result of his past encounters and genuineness when managing different specialists (Northouse, 2010). This will empower to impact changes without obstruction from the laborers who likewise comprehend his capacities to deliver great outcomes. The characteristic methodology is helpful in the kind of enlistment since it makes it simple to perceive the authority capacities of various people. Laborers have fluctuated characteristics from one another that empower the administration to distinguish the qualities of each gathering. The attribute approach is additionally appropriate since it helps in narrowing down the characteristics of applicants on the administrative rundown. Associations need to screen the exhibition of their laborers before elevating them to administrative positions (Northouse, 2010). This makes it suitable for the administration to improve a smooth change in the policymaking and dispersion of assignments. Thinking about this, the characteristic methodology is special and accommodating to pick competitors that show great characteristics and involvement with their obligations. Picking of laborers dependent on characteristics is reasonable than utilizing the scholarly rules that lone spotlight on the aptitudes procured (Weth, 2007).â

Theory of Evolution :: essays research papers

1809 February 12 - Charles Robert Darwin conceived at The Mount, Shrewsbury. 1818 - Darwin entered Shrewsbury School. 1825-27 - 22 October Darwin registered at Edinburgh University where he considered medication however activities (without sedatives) and seeing blood diverted him from that calling. 1827-31 - 15 October Darwin was admitted to Christ's Colledge, Cambridge University, to get ready for a profession in the Church. He acknowledged the Articles of Faith. 1829 Summer - Darwin made an entomological voyage through North Wales with Professor F. W. Expectation. Darwin's enthusiasm for 'bugs and scarabs' was longstanding. 1831 - 26 April Darwin got his BA degree. In Spring he started arranging a logical journey to Canary Islands. 1831 August 29/30 - Darwin got an encouragement to fill in as unpaid naturalist on the review transport H.M.S. Beagle, which was to go far and wide. Now Darwin had no conventional preparing in science. 1831 December 27 - The H.M.S. Beagle cruised from Devonport, England 1832 September 23 - Darwin made his first significant fossil find, strikingly different wiped out well evolved creatures. 1832 December 16 - Darwin had his first sight of 'Indians' of Tierra de Fuego. 1835 March 26 - Darwin is bittn by Triatoma infestans. 1835 September - Darwin examined topography and the fauna, and verdure of Galapagos Islands. Here he mentioned itemized objective facts, in the long run taking note of the now-celebrated 'Darwin's finches' just as the Galapagos tortoises. 1835 December - Darwin composed his previously known draft of his paper on hypothesis of arrangement of coral reefs. 1836 October 2 - The H.M.S. Beagle at last came back to England and docked at Falmouth, England. 1837 March 13 - Darwin lives at 36 Great Marlborough Street, London. 1837 May 31 - Darwin read his paper on coral reefs to the London Geological Society 1837 July - Darwin 'Opened first journal on Transmutation of Species.' 1837 October - Darwin started work prompting Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, altered and watched over by Charles Darwin, distributed 1840-1843, 5 volumes. 1838 September 28 - Darwin began to understand Malthus, and later professed to have defined his hypothesis of development by normal determination. 1838 November 11 - Darwin propooses union with Emma Wedgwood. 1839 January 1 - Darwin moves to 12 Upper Gower Street, London. 1839 January 24 - Darwin chose a Fellow of the Royal Society. 1839 January 29 - Charles Robert Darwin wedded Emma Wedgwood - Marry, Marry, Marry.

Use Professional Career Goals by School Or by Profession Essay Sample to Write Your Essay

Use Professional Career Goals by School Or by Profession Essay Sample to Write Your EssayWhen it comes to writing a career path by school or by profession essay, the importance of submitting your resume, a detailed essay, should not be overlooked. A well written resume is the one that puts you in the lead. If you do not have a good resume, it would be pretty tough for you to get an interview at all. So, when it comes to writing a career path by school or by profession essay, the important thing is to develop an essay that can really impress your potential employer.You can only succeed with an essay that displays your own professional career goals and experience, and what you have achieved. Thus, to make your career path by school or by profession essay look really good, you must take note of several resume and job application samples that are available online.Many people are impressed with well-written essays, but they are not sure how to develop their own professional career path by school or by profession essay. The thing is, you need to follow a set of instructions if you want to be a good writer. Otherwise, it will become difficult for you to make your career goals by school or by profession essay look good. A combination of a good essay and a good resume is the only way to succeed.Of course, a well-written resume would not do you any good unless you also have a well-written career goals by school or by profession essay. Therefore, you must be able to use some professional resume and job application samples. Here are some of the main things that you should remember if you want to create a good career goals by school or by profession essay.First, a resume should not only have a job description and contact information but it should also contain some basic information about yourself, and how you will be able to impress your prospective employer. The first page of your resume should be a summary of the skills, education, experience, and awards you have attained . That's the best place to start.Next, it is important to consider an outline to format your career goals by school or by profession essay. An outline will help you organize your statement. Moreover, this will help you communicate your career goals in a way that other people who may view your resume will understand.Furthermore, you must also take note of the format of your professional career goals by school or by profession essay. Keep in mind that, while the goal of the letter should be to impress the prospective employer, you should not forget that the letter must be written in such a way that the entire letter may have a more powerful impact on the reader.It is important to understand the tone that you should use when writing your career goals by school or by profession essay. Always keep in mind that, your career goals by school or by profession will be judged by people in a way that they are going to make an impression of your achievements. Therefore, to impress people, you mu st use both an impressive resume and an attractive career goals by school or by profession essay.

Gender Harassment And Sexual Harassment Essay - 1688 Words

Bennett-Alexander Hartman (2015) mentions that sexual harassment is based on gender and does not â€Å"Involve sex, requests for sexual activity, comments, or anything similar† (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2015, p. 423). The non-sex requirement is the reason that the term gender in sexual harassment is discussed meaning whether if the individual is male or female that is filing a sexual harassment claim. Although, Title VII of the Civil Rights of 1964 mentions that individuals should not be discriminated on the basis of gender, sex, ethnicity, race, religion, etc it does not specify an individual’s sexual orientation. This writer will be discussing a case where a male employee files a sexual harassment claim against the employer as the male employee identifies as being gay. He also is filing discrimination on the basis of his gender and alleges retaliation as he was terminated after he had complained about his female coworker. Apparently, the male employee alleged tha t a female employee while at a dinner and concert after work hours grabbed his privates. It is important to note that the male employee’s performance prior to the incident was declining and was counseled on several occasions by his employer about his declining production. Furthermore, this writer will be discussing whether if the facts could result in liability to the employer for sexual harassment or gender discrimination. Also, this writer will be integrating and referring to various sources and cases thatShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment And Gender Harassment1731 Words   |  7 Pageswork has been done around the area of Sexual Harassment, as the primary systematic attempt to outline theoretical space of Sexual Harassment and build up a complete classification system had started in the year 1980 (Fitzgerald et al. 2010). Sexual Harassment is defined as the unprompted male conduct that asserts a women’s sex role over her function as employee or intimidation of a sexual nature or the inappropriate promises of rewards in return for sexual favors (Fitzgerald 1990). In most ofRead MoreSexual Harassment And Gender Inequality2146 Words   |  9 Pagesage, gender, power and social class. This paper will examine gender inequality in society. Using an article from the Toronto Star, I will focus on sexual harassment as an issue of gender inequality in the workplace and the impact it has had on the self-esteem as well as opportunities and achievements of women. Gender Inequality can be defined as the unequal treatment and prejudice of a person on the basis of sex and gender roles. Sexual harassment is further defined as any unwelcome sexual advancesRead MoreGender, Sexual, And Sexual Harassment And Assault Response And Prevention1997 Words   |  8 PagesNon-Commissioned Officers (NCO) Army wide. These challenges include the potential increase in gender discrimination, sexual harassment and sexual assaults. NCOs will have to rely on their ab ility to implement the Core Leader Competencies (Leads, Develops and Achieves) to ensure the successful integration of women. The greatest challenge will be in developing cohesive teams while ensuring the Army’s Sexual Harassment/Assault Response and Prevention (SHARP) program is successfully implemented. This willRead MoreImpact of Gender on Reactions to Military Sexual Assault and Harassment700 Words   |  3 PagesTitle of Article: Impact of Gender on Reactions to Military Sexual Assault and Harassment Date of article: February 2014 Author(s): Margret E. Bell, Jessica A. Turchik, Julie A. Karpenko Source (Please attach copy of article): Bell, M., Turchik, J., Karpenko, J. (2014). Impact of Gender on Reactions to Military Sexual Assault and Harassment. Health Social Work, 39(1), 25-33. ARTICLE SUMMARY: Social Workers have a need to advance an understanding of working with veterans especiallyRead MoreSexual Harassment Within The Workplace1382 Words   |  6 PagesSociology of Gender November 2015 SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE Sexual harassment is any form of unprecedented sexual conduct in which the offender uses inappropriate language and actions that humiliate the sexuality of the offended. At workplaces, sexual harassment occurs when stakeholders of an organization engage in unwelcomed conducts of sexual nature, which makes the recipients (of the conduct) intimidated and uncomfortable. As Solotoff and Kramer (2014: 67) assert, sexual harassment is aRead MoreEssay on Sexual Harassment in the Workplace1398 Words   |  6 PagesSexual harassment can be described as any unwanted sexual comments or unwanted sexual advances. People think that in a sexual harassment situation that the offender is always a male but that is not the case, females can also be the harasser. There can be several incidents where a male is sexually harassing a female, female harassing a male, female harassing a female, or a male harassing a male. When sexual harassment occurs it can make any situation uncomfortable, especially if th e advances are unwelcomeRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Civil Rights Act869 Words   |  4 PagesSexual harassment is a form of gender discrimination and therefore it is a violation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Sexual harassment perpetuates inequality preventing students from equal access to education. Colleges are obliged by the Federal Government to implement the programs that prevent sexual harassment and educate students. Sexual harassment on campus can take various forms and come not only from student but also from the professors. When a professor promises a certain grade in exchange forRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on femaleRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Social Movement Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesSexual harassment is a pressing issue that occurs on all platforms of the world we live with. It is unfortunately so very common, that is overlooked. Whether it is at the workplace or at home or even on the streets, it has a presence that is at times hard to distinguish from â€Å"just a bit of friendliness†, to a presence that is blatantly inappropriate. As unfortunate as it is, this issue does not hold black and white qualities, but rather falls in the grey area very often. Although it would appearRead MoreDespite The Issues Th at Have Surrounded Women In The Workplace1571 Words   |  7 Pagescareer, or internship. Either gender has been sexually harassed and prejudiced by the people who have power over them, or the workers they call friends. These issues that have appeared has caused a lot of fear, anger, and anguish. That is why those with the power should input policies, including gender bias training in management, and include employee assessment to fully ensure the protection of the genders against sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment in the workplace has been a growing

Drug Research Paper - 1105 Words

Alana Holly Health 12\23\04 Period 2 Drug Research Paper Methaqualone, is also referred to as Disco Biscuits, Down And Dirties, Jekyll-and-Hyde, Joe Fridays, Lemmon 714, Lemons, Lennons, Lovers, Ludes, Mandies, Mandrake, Q, Qua, Quack, Quad, Quaaludes, Soaper, Supper, Vitamin Q, The Love Drug, Wallbangers, Whore Pills, and Sopor. This list of street names for the drug goes on and on. Methaqualones were first introduced in India in 1955. This drug was then sent to Europe and Japan as a safe barbiturate substitute. By 1965 it had become the most commonly prescribed sedative in England. It was also at this time that it was gaining popularity as a street drug, under the names Mandies or†¦show more content†¦Other long term effects include reduced heart rate, reduced respiration and reduced muscle coordination. There are some side effects for taking Methaqualone. They mostly occur when the user takes high doses of the drug. They include things such as depression, irrational behavior, poor reflexes and slurred speech. If a person overdoses on Methaqualone, they may experience problems such as Delirium, coma, restlessness, hyperreflexia, hypertonia, myoclonus, convulsions, tachycardia, cardiac and hepatic damage, and bleeding, vomiting, and renal insufficiency. If you take this drug during your pregnancy you could have your baby early, or your child could have severe birth defects such as organ deformities as well as physical deformities. Also when your baby is born it is now addicted to Methaqualone and must go through the detoxification process. Methaqualone is a very dangerous drug. When the drug is combined with alcohol, the combination can be lethal. This does not stop people however. It is most common to mix this drug with alcohol, when this happens its known as luding. As with any drug, after awhile you can develop a very high tolerance for it. Methaqualone is dangerous for the user, especially if it is used daily. The user will continually try to get the same effects as the first time they did the drug. By doing this they must take higher and higher doses to reach it. This can lead to the user becoming addicted to the drug.Show MoreRelatedDrug War Research Paper1354 Words   |  6 Pageshardworking. Students are also used to being surrounded by people of different races and cultures, so equality and tolerance is a value students generally hold. Many in this demographic popularly are fans of soft drugs, such as marijuana. It is assumed that this demographic looks down on the drug war. Generally students are well inform ed as to what is going on in the news. They’d have some working knowledge of the topic. Overall, this demographic recognizes (myself included) that they are the future ofRead MoreResearch Paper on Drug Use931 Words   |  4 PagesDrug use in today’s society is something that has become too common. We have a large percentage of our population using drugs for numerous reasons. The stresses of our fast paced lives can be the reason we need drugs to keep up. We sometime take these drugs with out thinking of the future consequences and risk that might be attached to them. We have to teach society of the dangers of drugs and the treatment available to quit using. We have too many people using drugs in our society today. â€Å"In 1996Read MoreDrug Addiction Research Paper723 Words   |  3 Pagesexperience with PARP inhibitors, which are the first class of drugs to work by the mechanism, and by the potential for companies to use the powerful gene-editing tool CRISPR to find new and more reliable synthetic lethal drug targets. Like the army of White Walkers who march haltingly across the tundra in the HBO series Game of Thrones, cancer cells trudge along in a menacing, but hobbled, state. For several decades, small-molecule cancer drug researchers have dug for dragonglass among the kinases.Read MorePublic Policy Research Paper On Drugs Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Policy Research Paper Drugs. They have entered our communities, our schools, our neighborhoods, our homes. For generations now they have been affecting our society; influencing politics, laws, wars, science, and the overall structure of society. Russia and Mexico have had some of the highest involvement in drugs, and the fight against them. In Russia almost 6 percent of the total population, which is about 8.5 million people are drug addicts, or regular users. Russia has also become increasinglyRead MoreSocial Policy and Drug Research Paper878 Words   |  4 Pages8 Social Policy and Drug Research†¨by Daniel Patrick Moynihan The major idea that the author discussed in this article was how current social policy is aimed at decreasing the use of illegal substances? The question progresses whether research efforts must stick to this policy in order to be considered ethical. If research is to be judged in fair terms, what effect does this have on the selection of research projects to be funded, how the research is done? and how the findings are treated byRead MoreEssay about Affects of Drug Abuse645 Words   |  3 PagesAssociate Level Material Appendix D Research Plan As part of your research plan, you must first draft a research question for your research paper that will guide the rest of your writing. A research question, which is more specific and focused than a general topic, is the question that your research paper will be answering. For example, if your general area of interest is social security, a possible research question might ask â€Å"How can low-income families save more money if the United StatesRead Moredrug addiction1059 Words   |  5 PagesReseach Paper About Drug Addiction Introduction These days, drugs can be found everywhere, and it may seem like everyone s doing them. Lots of people are tempted by the excitement or escape that drugs seem to offer. But learning the facts about drugs can help you see the risks of chasing this excitement or escape. And just as there Premium4645 Words19 Pages Research Paper About Computer Addiction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study It is known that we are living in technologicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Synthetic Cannabinoids On The World Of Medicine1100 Words   |  5 Pagesis getting stronger everyday with fighting of common diseases. However, while this may consider medical drugs with healing abilities, there are drugs that are changing every year to adapt to legal issue. This drug is synthetic cannabinoids or commonly known as spice. Synthetic cannabinoids have many different names based on the strength, but will be referred to as spice in this paper. The research has been lacking in what actually happens under the conditions of spice because of the adaption that happensRead MoreReducing Drug Trafficking in the United States892 Words   |  4 Pagespersonnel to reduce drug trafficking? 1 Reducing drug trafficking in the United States Linda Ellison ENG 122 Charlie Johnson November 21, 2011 Running Head: Should the government recruit discharged and retired military personnel to reduce drug trafficking? 2 Proposed Claim: Our government/military can stop or reduce drug trafficking in the United States. There is a solution that can be used to keep drugs out of our countryRead MoreSchizophrenia Research Papers801 Words   |  4 Pagesthat mainly involves strong doses of antipsychotic drugs. These drugs help to blunt hallucinations and delusions. Unfortunately, a lot of these drugs come with side effects such as weight gain or tremors. This new study suggests that patients who are treated with lower drug doses and emphasize one-on-one therapy and family support had better results in recovery over the first two years of treatment than the patients who were on a strictly drug-focused care. These findings come from the most rigorous

John Updikes aP Sammys Growth - 1545 Words

John Updikes AP : Sammys Growth John Updikes story AP is about a nineteen year old boy, Sammy, who has a job at the local grocery store, the AP. Sammy works at the register in the store and is always observing the people who walk in and out each day. On this particular day that the story takes place, Sammy is caught off guard when a cluster of girls walk into the store wearing just their bathing suits. This caught Sammys attention because the nearest beach is five miles away and he could not figure out why they would still be in their suits. Sammy continues to overlook the girls in the store throughout their endeavor to pick up some items that they were sent in for. While they are wandering around the store Sammy watches the†¦show more content†¦Another part of Sammys expansion to mature comes when the store manager approaches the girls at the checkout. As Sammy stands behind the counter he notices Lengel, the store manager, approach the girls and exclaim to them Girls this isnt the beach (Updike 599 ). The girls stood there and explained why they were sent into the store, but none of there explaining seemed to appease Lengel. Lengel than stated, Thats all right, But this isnt the beach. His repeating this struck me as funny, as if it had just occurred to him, and he had been thinking all these years the AP was a great big dune and he was the head lifeguard. He didnt like my smiling-as I say, he doesnt miss much- but he concentrates on giving the girls that sad Sunday-school-superintendent stare( Updike 600). At this point of the story Sammy starts to notice that his manager thinks that it is ok to talk down to the girls and not treat them with any respect. The way Sammy saw the girls being treated really made him upset, and also made him realize that the way Lengel was treating them was no way to treat any person, especially a customer of a store. As Sammy continues to listen to what Lengel was saying to the girls he decided to open up his mouth and stand up for something he believed was right. He knew that there was no law saying they couldnt come in the store dressed inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Updikes AP Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Updikes story AP talks about a 19-year old lad, Sammy, who has a job at the local grocery store, the AP. Sammy works at the register in the store and is always observing the people who walk in and out each day. On this particular day that the story takes place, Sammy is caught off guard when a cluster of girls walk into the store wearing just their bathing suits. This caught Sammys attention because the nearest beach is five miles away and he could not figure out why they would still beRead MoreA P By John Updike1033 Words   |  5 PagesFurthermore, how we face these decisions will have an impact in our lives, and sometimes the ones that seem to be small are the most important ones. John Updike understood how making decision affects people’s life, and he develops it in his short story â€Å"A P,† which is the story of an unhappy boy who quits his job for a pretty girl. In order to develop this theme, John Updike takes Sammy, the main character of the story, through three different stages. In the beginning stage, Sammy is just a boy who is notRead MoreA Common Technique Used By John Updike926 Words   |  4 Pages A common technique used by authors throughout literature is the growth of the main character into their own. From the maturation of a selfish soul into a triumphant hero, or the rise of a shunned underdog into a loved champion, authors have create situations for their characters that teach readers a significant life lesson about the world we live in. For example, John Updike’s Sammy from AP and Flannery O’Connor’s Grandmother from A Good Man is Hard to Find both receive wake up calls from the respectiveRead MoreSymbolism in John Updikes A P1440 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Updikes short story A P recounts how an adolescent supermark et cashier named Sammy has his life changed forever when three girls in bathing suits shop in the store where he works. He is the first person narrator who shapes the tale with his descriptions, attitudes and opinions. He is the protagonist who grows up quickly in a single day and the only round, fully developed character in the tale. As you proceed through the story and become acquainted with Sammys opinions and ideas, it becomesRead MoreEssay on Personality in John Updikes AP1275 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter to make them stand out in a story.nbsp; In A amp; P by John Updike, Sammy starts off as a young man discontent with his ordinary adult surroundings and moves to his need to change it. Throughout the story, Sammy describes and interprets the scenes around him, consequently revealing his own character, by which can be related through the use of Thomas Chous Ennegram, to distinguish his personality type. nbsp; John Updike gives the reader an inside look into the adolescent mindRead MoreJohn Updike s A P And James Joyce s Araby1877 Words   |  8 PagesComing-of-age is a chapter that every individual must inevitably trek through in order to grow and mature into one’s own self. In John Updike’s AP and James Joyce’s Araby, the theme of growth permeates throughout both narratives as their respective protagonists fabricate an ideal world from their own naive perspectives, only to shed their ignorant fantasies about how they believe to understand that the world can bend to their decisions to truly understand the cruelty behind world they live in: reachingRead MoreEssay about Compare aP and Greasy Lake1108 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Updikes A P and T. Coraghessan Boyles Greasy Lake have many similarities as well as differences as coming-of-age stories. A P is about a nineteen-year-old boy working at a grocery shop who stands up against the manager trying to defend and imp ress the girls he is attracted to who are not decently dressed (Updike 18). Greasy Lake is a story of several nineteen years old youths who play a prank on a bad character and experience what real bad characters can do. Fortunately,Read MoreAP: Short Story 2828 Words   |  4 PagesA P â€Å"AP† written by John Updike is a short story about a young boy named Sammy. He was 19 years old and he was working at AP mini market. One day, there were three girls shopping at the store wearing bikinis, and Sammy was surprised yet adore these three girls, until one day he quitted his job because he wanted to be their hero, but unfortunately, the girls didn’t even see him. John Updike was trying to describe Sammy as a typical youth who is trying to get some attention. At the beginning

IASB and FASB Conceptual Framework †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the IASB and FASB Conceptual Framework. Answer: Introduction The conceptual framework in accounting is developed by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) for providing standard rules and principles that should be adopted by businesses around the world for preparing their financial statements. The business organizations develop and published general purpose financial reports that include balance sheet, income stamen, statement of changes in equity and cash-flows. These general purpose financial statements are meant to provide all the necessary financial information to the end-users such as investors and creditors for supporting their decision-making processes (Hoffman, 2016). In this context, this report has been undertaken for analyzing and examining the general purpose financial reports of Westpac Banking Corporation. The analysis is done for evaluating the compliance of annual report of the banking corporation with the standards principles and guidelines of conceptual framework and AASB. AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board) is recognized as regulatory authority that holds the responsibility of developing and maintaining the compliance of businesses within Australia as per the IASB standard conventions (Mazhambe, 2014). Westpac Banking Corporation is a renowned Australian bank involved in providing a range of financial services for personal or business use (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). The evaluation of compliance of bank with the AASB standards is undertaken in the report through examining its balance sheet, income statement, auditors, directors and remuneration report. Remuneration Report The Westpac Banking Corporation has published and disclosed all its necessary information relating to the remuneration of its key management personnel in the remuneration report. The banking corporation has developed a sound remuneration framework in order to ensure that remuneration offered is aligned with the shareholders value maximization. The remuneration policies and practices are directly linked with providing superior long-term results for creating value for shareholders. The board in support of the remuneration committee holds the responsibility that the interest of shareholders is not impacted in any way with the remuneration policies of the banking corporation. The banking corporation has also effectively disclosed its remuneration strategy though disclosing information relating to the fixed remuneration, long-term and short-term incentives of the key management personnel. The reward policy of the banking corporation is strictly linked with the key performance disciplines that key executives and directors should achieve for gaining high reward and bonus payments. The performance disciplines include promoting the sustainable development of the bank, effective capital management, maximizing economic profit and improving its digital capabilities. Thus, the reward policy implemented by the Westpac is directly linked with promoting the long-term creation of value for shareholders (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). However, the banking corporation is recently facing problems in regard of remuneration offered to its key executives and directors. The banking corporation has recently announced that the short-term incentive payments of the directors and executives will be reduced on an average below 11% as compared to that of previous year. This is because on realizing lower earnings per share, economic profit and return on equity by the banking corporation as compared to that of previous year. Also, the company has not paid any long-term incentives for the financial year 2016. This is causing issues related to the remuneration emerging in the banking corporation as about 16% per cent of investors have turned in giants of this decision. This is due to providing lower dividend to shareholders as compared to the previous year. The reduction on return to equity has mounted pressure on the Westpac banking corporation to continue providing increasing dividends to shareholders (Pash, 2016). These are som e the issues that are observed in the remuneration report of Westpac banking corporation. Thus, Westpac though abide by all the principle of conceptual framework of relevance, reliability, comparability and consistency by disclosing complete, error-free and materialistic information about the remuneration of key management personnel is facing some challenges in its remuneration policy. The remuneration report is also in accordance with the section 300A of the AASB standards that requires that a business entity is required to disclose all the important facts and figures related to the remuneration of directors and executives. The challenges existed in the remuneration policy such as investors protest should be addressed adequately by the banking corporation for maximizing shareholders value (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). The inventories are valued as per the AASB standard at their net realizable value (Compiled Accounting Standard AASB 108, 2014). However, Westpac being a banking corporation does not disclose information relating to its inventory valuation (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). Accounts Receivables The Westpac banking corporation has disclosed all the relevant information relating to the accounts receivables from other financial institutions. The receivables are recognized at their fair value and at amortized cost as per the effective interest rate method (Whittington, 2008). The receivables are recognized on the date of their settlement after cash is advanced to the borrowers (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). The financial assets and liabilities are recognized at their fair value in the income statement of the banking corporation. The baking corporation has also disclosed the accounting policy adopted for the valuation of each category of financial asset and liability adequately. The intangible assets of the banking corporation consists of core deposits, customer relationships, management contracts and distribution relationships that are recognized after the emergence of Westpac with the J O Hambro Capital Management and Lloyds Banking Group. The intangible assets are valued at their useful life and their amortized value is reflected as a cash earning adjustment as intangible assets are non-cash flow items. The contingent liabilities of the banking corporation include contingent tax risk and settlement risk. The banking corporation has also disclosed information relating to its operating leases that are presented in gross of the depreciation of the assets that are subjected to leases. As analyzed from the annual report, the Westpac banking corporation, there is no overstated revenues or understated expenses in the financial statements of the banking corporation. The bank effectively complies with all the principles of conceptual framework and AASB standards. The banking corporation has developed its Code of Conduct that is effectively followed by al the directors, executives, management and employees. Thus, the development of a strong corporate culture is responsible for the effective compliance of the bank with all the AASN accounting conventions (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). Inclusion of Prudence in the Conceptual Framework The concept of prudence in accounting refers to recording the income realized when it has actually occurred and only reporting an expense transaction when it is probable. Thus, as per the prudence concept a business entity should no overestimate its revenues or underestimate the exposes at the time of financial reporting. Thus, a business entity is required to prepare and disclose conservatively-stated financial statements. The principle of prudence was removed from the conceptual framework as it was found to be against the accrual basis of accounting. The principle of accrual in accounting refers that revenues and expenses should be reported as soon as they are incurred regardless of the actual cash transaction. Also, financial experts believe that the concept of prudence in accounting restricts business entities to create hidden reserves. This was the basis for removal of prudence concept from the conceptual framework (Whittington, 2008). However, the increasing incidents related to the occurrence of accounting scandals due to manipulation of accounts has caused the necessity of including prudence in the conceptual framework. The main benefit of including the concept of prudence again in the conceptual framework is restricts businesses to create hidden reserves and thus misrepresenting the financial statements for personal benefits. This will also help in overcoming the increasing cases of business scandal due to manipulation of accounts. However, the major criticisms as stated by financial experts through including the principle of prudence in the conceptual framework is that business entities are not able to develop hidden reserves that can be used at the time of any emergency situation (Malley, 2014). Conclusion The overall discussion in the report has inferred that business entities worldwide need to comply with the AASB standards and conceptual framework principles for ensuring their long-term growth and profitability. The Westpac banking corporation annual report analysis has stated that the reason for its sustainable growth and development is due to its adequate abiding by all the AASB standards and rules. The notes to the financial statements in the annual report of Westpac banking corporation has provided all the necessary information relating to the accounting policies adopted for developing its general purpose financial reports. The remuneration report of the banking corporation has, however, mentioned some challenges that need to be overcome by Westpac in order to promote stakeholder welfare and interests. The report has also inferred that the implementation of prudence principle is required in the conceptual framework for ensuring that businesses provide real and trustworthy inform ation to the end-users. This will ensure promotion of welfare of stakeholders and thus protecting them from any type of fraudulent activities. Recommendations On the basis of analysis of annual report of Westpac, it is recommended to the banking corporation that it should resolve the issues related to its remuneration policy. The lower dividend offered to the shareholders is causing the investors to lose their confidence to investors in the bank. The banking corporation has reduced the incentives and rewards offered to the executives and directors that are also negatively impacting their performance in promoting the sustainable development of the bank (Westpac Group Annual Report, 2016). Therefore, it s recommended to the banking corporation to adopt a sound remuneration policy that is linked with the share prices and not with the profitability of the bank thus maximizing shareholder returns. The incentives and base salary of the executive and directors should be in accordance with the share prices that will resolve the issues relating to investor protest on lowering the remuneration of executives and directors (CCH Australia Limited, 2009 ). References CCH Australia Limited. 2009. Australian Master Accountants Guide. CCH Australia Limited. Compiled Accounting Standard AASB 108. 2014. [Online]. Available at:https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB108_07-04_COMPdec09_01-11.pdf[Accessed on: 30 April 2017]. Hoffman, C.W. 2016.Revising the Conceptual Framework of the International Standards: IASB Proposals Met with Support and Skepticism.World Journal of Business and Management 2 (1), pp. 1-32. Malley, A. 2014.Opinion: Is prudence still a virtue?[Online]. Available at: https://www.theaccountant-online.com/news/is-prudence-still-a-virtue-4276220 [Accessed on: 30 April 2017]. Mazhambe, Z. 2014. Review of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) Proposed New Conceptual Framework. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing 10 (8), pp. 835-845. Pash, C. 2016. Here's how Westpac is saving on the salaries of its senior executives. [Online]. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/heres-how-westpac-is-saving-on-the-salaries-of-its-senior-executives-2016-12 [Accessed on: 30 April 2017]. Prudence and IFRS. 2014. [Online]. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-technical/financial-reporting/tech-tp-prudence.pdf [Accessed on: 30 April 2017]. Westpac Group Annual Report. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.westpac.com.au/content/dam/public/wbc/documents/pdf/aw/ic/2016_Westpac_Annual_Report [Accessed on: 30 April 2017]. Whittington, G. 2008. Fair Value and the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework Project:An Alternative View. ABACUS 44 (2), pp. 139-168.

adult education Essay Example

adult education Essay Example adult education Essay adult education Essay Adult education is the process whereby adults engage in systematic and sustained learning activities in order to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values. Adult education can take place in the workplace, through extension school (e. g. , Harvard Extension) or school of continuing education (e. g. , Columbia School of Continuing Education). Other learning places include community colleges, folk high schools, colleges and universities, libraries, and lifelong learning centers. The practice may also include Training and Development which is often associated with rofessional development. Adult education has also been referred to as andragogy (to distinguish it from pedagogy). Educating adults differs from educating children in several ways. One of the most important differences is that adults have accumulated knowledge and work experience which can add to the learning experience. Another difference is that most adult education is voluntary, therefore, the participants are generally self-motivated. Adults frequently apply their knowledge in a practical fashion to learn effectively. They must have a reasonable expectation that the nowledge they gain will help them further their goals. For example, during the 1990s, many adults, including mostly office workers, enrolled in computer training courses. These courses would teach basic use of the operating system or specific application software. Due to the fact that the abstractions governing the users interactions with a PC were so new, many people who had been working white-collar jobs for ten years or more eventually took such training courses, either at their own whim (to gain computer skills and thus earn higher pay) or at the behest of their managers. In the United States, a more general example is when adults who dropped out of high school return to school to complete general education requirements. Most upwardly mobile positions require at the very least a high school diploma or equivalent. A working adult is unlikely to have the freedom to simply quit his or her Job and go back to school full-time. Public school systems and community colleges usually offer evening or weekend classes for this reason. In Europe this is often referred to as second-chance, and many schools offer tailor-made courses and learning programs for these returning learners.

The Easiest SAT Subject Tests to Take

The Easiest SAT Subject Tests to Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There are lots of SAT Subject Tests to choose from- in fact, there are 21 options that cover 13 different subjects and languages. It can be overwhelming! To keep things simple, you want to take the Subject Tests that will strengthen your college applications with excellent scores. So, which Subject Tests are easier than others? While there isn't a cut and dry answer to this question, we can approach an answer from a few different angles. First, let's take a look at how students score on average on each Subject Test. Average SAT Subject Test Scores First we'll look at the average score for each of the SAT Subject Tests. These numbers come from data collectedfrom the 2016, 2017, and 2018 graduating classesby the College Board. Subject Test Mean Score Korean with Listening 761 Chinese with Listening 760 Japanese with Listening 703 Mathematics Level 2 693 French with Listening 668 Physics 667 Chemistry 666 Italian 666 Spanish with Listening 662 Biology (Molecular) 650 Spanish 647 United States History 640 French 628 Latin 626 World History 622 German 620 German with Listening 618 Biology (Ecological) 618 Modern Hebrew 612 Literature 607 Mathematics Level 1 605 The first three tests with the highest mean scores are language tests with listening. We'll discuss what this means below, but first let's consider another piece of this puzzle- the standard deviations, or how students' scores are distributed along the curve. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Standard Deviations of Subject Tests and Why It Matters The chart below lists the subject tests from highest standard deviation to lowest. A high standard deviation means that people scored across a wide range of scores, from much lower to much higher than the average. In contrast, a low standard deviation suggests that the majority of people scored close to the average score. The Korean with Listening and Chinese with Listening tests have the highest mean score and the lowest standard deviations. This means that most students scored near that high mean of 761 and 760, respectively. While these may sound like rarescores, on these tests they're actually relatively typical! On a similar note, the Math Level 2 subject test has a pretty high mean score of 693 and a low standard deviation. This means that most students who take Level 2 tend to score around that high mean. The Literature test, on the other hand, has a lower mean score of 607 and a medium to high standard deviation. So students scored across a wide range of scores on the Literature test. It is possible to score much higher than a 607, and this will put you in a very high percentile compared to other test-takers. However, on the Chinese or Korean tests, a score of 700 might actually be rather low! Subject Test Standard Deviation Modern Hebrew 147 German 134 Italian 127 French 124 German with Listening 121 Literature 115 French with Listening 114 Mathematics Level 1 112 Spanish 112 Latin 110 World History 110 Biology (Ecological) 110 Biology (Molecular) 109 Japanese with Listening 108 United States History 108 Physics 107 Spanish with Listening 106 Chemistry 105 Mathematics Level 2 99 Korean with Listening 65 Chinese with Listening 66 So Which Are the Easiest SAT Subject Tests? Based on this information, the following Subject Tests seem to be the easiest to get a high score on: Biology E Biology M Chemistry US History World History Since almost all U.S. high school students take high school biology and U.S. history, and many others also take chemistry and world history, you will be able to prepare well for these tests by reviewing your coursework and putting in prep time. Most students score lower on the Literature and Math Subject Tests, but there is a wide range of scores on them (at least, on Math Level 1). So while these tests may be challenging, if you put in the effort to prepare then you can score highly and end up in a very high percentile compared to other test-takers. As mentioned above, the most difficult Subject Tests are probably Japanese with Listening, Korean with Listening, Chinese with Listening, and Math Level 2 if you're not fluent or don't excel in those areas. If you're not confident in your language or math skills, then these tests are not the ones for you. 3 Things to Make Sure You Know... While the data suggests which Subject Tests are easier and harder to achieve high scores on, you should also make sure you know the following things before deciding on a Subject Test. #1: Your Language Level If you're fluent in a language, then these tests can be a great way to achieve a very high score on a Subject Test and add one more asset to your college applications. At the same time, make sure you study and are prepared for what will be on the test. Without a very high score, you may end up in a low percentile- which would be an unpleasant surprise if you actually speak and understand the language! If you are not near-fluent in a language, you should still be cautious- make sure you understand what will be on the tests and whether you have the language skills to understand the material. Since you're competing with native and fluent speakers, you will have to score very high to end up in a high percentile overall. #2: Your Math Level As with some of the language tests, the Math Level 2 test has a high mean score that many students achieve. This suggests that Level 2 is best for students who particularly excel in algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and pre-calculus, and are familiar and comfortable using a graphing calculator. Check out practice questions here and here to determine which math level is better for you. #3: Which Subjects You Excel In Finally, you should take Subject Tests in subjects in which you excel. Subject Tests are meant to demonstrate subject mastery, and you will probably be best served taking them to coincide with finals or AP exams in your relevant classes. Learn everything you can about the Subject Tests to make your best informed decision about which ones to take. Read about the best test dates to choose, along with how long the SAT Subject Tests are and how to manage your time. Regardless of what the data suggests about the easiest SAT Subject Tests, you'll achieve your highest scores by understanding where you excel and doing all you can to familiarize yourself with the tests and know what to expect. What's Next? Choosing your subject tests also depends on your prospective colleges' requirement. Check out this guide to see the full list of schools that require SAT Subject Tests. Are you also taking the general SAT? This article talks about what makes a good score, bad score, and excellent score...and how you can set and reach your target scores. If you're taking or considering the ACT, this article breaks down the scores and how you can maximize your score on the test. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Family structures are becoming more diverse. what evidence is there to Essay

Family structures are becoming more diverse. what evidence is there to support the trends - Essay Example rding to MacIver and Page a family is â€Å"a definite and long term group defined by sexual relationships that reproduce and bring up children†¦ formed by the living together of man, woman and their children.† (Dubey p. 123) So the structure of the nuclear family consisted of the husband wife and children. In other words family structure was based on 1)The relationship between husband and wife. 2) The procreation of children 3)Common residence. But if we examine the reality of today’s growing rates of divorce, single parent families as well as the trend towards gay or ‘same sex marriages’ then we can conclude that there is an increased trend towards blended families, binuclear families and single parent families. This has led the Sociologists William J. Goode to state that the institution of the family as we know it is vanishing altogether; while others state that the term nuclear family is inadequate in explaining the different contemporary household arrangements. Hence the new term ‘postmodern family’ is used to refer to the different forms of family structure including couples minus children as well as single-parent families and blended families. This diversity could be due to the following prevailing trends: Trend 1: There is a growing tendency amongst couples to live together rather than get married. The majorities of such couples have sexual relationships but do not choose to have offspring due to work and other pressures. Trend 2: There is a trend to divorce. This has resulted in children being granted living custody with either their father or mother. As a result the child moves between the homes of the two separated parents so the third element of a families structure, based on residence has also changed. Ogburn and Nimkoff’s give a more modern definition of a family by seeing the family â€Å"†¦as an association formed by the sex relations of husband and wife, with or without children.† Trend 3: There is a growing

Retail management case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Retail management case study - Essay Example With the help of Simon’s decision-making structure one can examine the decision making process. Also, included in the model is the time and cost savings of the customers. The satisfaction levels can also be measured with this model. Apart from the design and choice factors the consumers also give due consideration to cost and time savings factor. These aspects affect the consumers greatly and help them to make the decision accordingly. In the present structure of online shopping the comparison shopping agents play an active role between the suppliers and the consumers in order to yield efficient markets. But the recent days shopping agents are mostly determined by the price factor and it is not dependent on the supplier and consumer differentiation. However, in spite of tremendous growth in the Web commerce and the superlative growth of consumers now making purchase online it is not very clear what actually makes the consumers purchase from the online shopping malls. The most important characteristics of the online retailers is that they allow the vendors to make their own unique interactive web pages, enabling the consumers to decide accordingly as per their needs and comfort zone. These tools are a great differentiator in terms of consumer preferences and can change a shopper from one website to the other. The product information available can help the customers to take the decisions accordingly. But while making the decision the consumers at times are unable to evaluate all the available alternatives with in depth analysis. Hence they use primarily a two stage process while taking such a decision. These are: Considering this the consumer requires the correct tools in order to select the most appropriate commodity. These tools are very effective to make the initial decision much easier. The in-depth analysis can also be made before deciding on the final product. The better the tools the

An Outpost of Progress Infobox Essay Example for Free

An Outpost of Progress Infobox Essay Notes for the Teachers One Language – Many Voices Joseph Conrad: An Outpost of Progress INfO-BOx Cultural and historical background The colonization of Central Africa did not set in until the very end of the 19th century, when ‘the scramble for Africa’ – the race of European powers to divide the continent among themselves – got under way: In 1870 European countries owned only 10% of Africa, by 1900 it was 90%. For a long time access to the huge territories in the Congo River basin was considered impossible due to the impenetrable forests and the impassable rapids of the river itself, which served as a barrier to European exploitation. The adventurer and journalist Henry Morton Stanley gained the interest and support of the Belgian King Leopold II for his expeditions into the Congo basin ‘to prove that the Congo natives were susceptible of civilization and that the Congo basin was rich enough to repay exploitation’. In the name of Leopold II he appropriated land and labour for the king’s newly founded ‘Association Internationale du Congo’. Leopold’s claim to the Congo was recognized at the International Africa Conference in Berlin in 1884–1885, presided over by Bismarck. The Congo Free State, as it was ironically called, was confirmed as the private property of King Leopold II in return for guarantees of neutrality, free trade and opposition to slavery. The Congo Free State, 1900 next to nothing, apart from small amounts of cloth, beads or brass rods. The rubber boom started in the mid-1890s due to the increasing industrial demand from Europe. While the rubber trade made a fortune for Leopold II, it led to the extreme brutalization of the local population. Under Leopold’s ownership approximately 10 million Congolese died as a consequence of exploitation and disease. To enforce the rubber quotas, the Force Publique (FP) was called in. The FP was an army, but its aim was not to defend the country, but to terrorize the population, which it did by cutting off the limbs of the natives; this practice was disturbingly widespread. When news of these atrocities reached Europe, there was a public outcry; the British parliament asked Roger Casement to make an inquiry into the situation in the country. The result of his enquiry was the famous Congo Report (1904). Casement had been a British diplomat in the Congo, where he met Conrad and whose Heart of Darkness (1899) had deeply influenced him. In 1903 Conrad wrote to Casement saying, ‘there exists in Africa a Congo State, created by the act of European powers, where ruthless, systematic cruelty towards the blacks is the basis of the administration’. Conrad’s novel also contributed to a widespread knowledge of the colonial abuses and crimes taking place in Africa. In 1908 Leopold II was forced to sell the Congo Free State to the Belgian government, which annexed it as a Belgian colony until its independence in 1960, when it was named Zaire. Its history since then has not been much happier. Following the secessionist Katanga Civil War, the country was brutalized under the dictatorship of President Mobutu. In 1997, when Mobutu was overthrown by the rebel leader Laurent Kabila, the country was renamed The Democratic Republic of the Congo. Torn between ethnic strife and civil wars, involving refugees from Rwanda and Burundi and displacements from Sudan, the country is still unstable. Biographical aspects Ivory and rubber were the main sources of income for King Leopold’s company and its agents: they and their African auxiliaries seized all the ivory that could be found, buying tusks from villages for a pittance, or simply confiscating them. They were working on a lucrative commission structure imposed by the King in 1890, of which the African elephant hunters received 26 As captain of a steamship, Joseph Conrad travelled up the Congo River to Central Africa and the heart of the Congo in 1890, and then went on an overland track to Leopoldville (now Kinshasa). As we know from his diaries and letters, which he wrote in English, he was deeply concerned with the greed of Belgian (and other European) merchants, the abuses of colonial powers and atrocities committed by white managers and their black auxiliaries, always in the name of a missionary and rogressive spirit to ‘enlighten the dark continent’. But he also met with what he thought to be cannibalism, and was confused Notes for the Teachers by the natives’ drums and ‘wild savagery’. His decision to resign from his post as captain was as much caused by his ill health as by his desire to become a writer. It has been said that ‘Africa killed Conrad the sailor and strengthened Conrad the writer’1 In his extensive writings (over 40 works of fiction of various length) the themes of travel and the pursuit of material and idealistic goals as well as isolation, ambition and failure can be said to be drawn from his own experiences. Conrad: An Outpost of Progress His deep-rooted scepticism of imperialism can be linked to his Polish background: born into a nation which had vanished from the map after being annexed by Russia, Prussia and Austria in 1795, and into a family which had opposed Russian oppression and been exiled to Ukraine, Conrad had good reason to question the right of stronger powers to impose their wills on smaller nations. 1 Jean-Aubry, Georges. Joseph Conrad in the Congo. New York: Haskell, 1973. Interpretation Summary Kayerts and Carlier are put in charge of a remote and unpromising trading station on a river.

Essay --

Anthony L. Smith Instructor Cook English IV 11 November 2013 The Nuances of the Black Plague Imagine half of a continent dying seemingly without reason, all within two years. The devastation caused on families would be unbearable. This is exactly what happened just 700 years ago in Europe. Probably the darkest, most devastating catastrophe in that century, and yet, the cause of deaths remains a question. One ‘thing’ has been confirmed; the deaths were caused by a plague. Three strands of the plague were Pneumonic, Bubonic, and the Septicemic. All three included similar symptoms, such as fever and chills; however, distinct symptoms also were noted. In Pneumonic, people experienced bloody sputum and difficulty breathing, whereas the Septicemic plague caused death of tissue in finger tips and in the nose. The Bubonic plague, the focus of this research paper, was the most popular strain of the plague. This strain caused swollen lymph nodes and buboes under the arms and around the groin area. The Plague was airborne, spread by rat bites, and by flea bites. All three of these strains were very painful. The Black plague was a major epidemic from 1348-1350, but it remained a threat until the 1666 London fire. Over 50 million Europeans were affected by this deadly disease, which ignited the rising of inflation, urban and peasant immorality, and challenges to the authorities of the Church. Different theories of contracting the disease brought several twists to this era. The Black plague is commonly believed to have started in Central Asia in the early 1300s. The plague is believed to have been brought to Europe on in October of 1347 when 12 ships docked in Sicily. On the ships were dead and sickly sailors who had the plague. Sicilian citiz... ...ls. They admitted to doing it thinking they would be left alone, but they and a lot of their community were murdered because of it. People began to doubt God and do things their own way. They became frustrated with questions as to why God would let this happen. As the death toll from the plague became higher and higher, people became really sad and depressed from losing friends and loved ones. As jobs were more available after the start of the plague, people began to make more money, but food and taxes also became more expensive. As prices rose, so did the peasants tempers. Violence was not uncommon in European towns and cities. Revolts were a way to release stress. The plague became an epidemic again in 1665, and killed about 100,000 people in that summer. In 1666 the London fire helped to suppress the plague to the point where it did not spread like it did before.

Land Pollution in Ibadan

A TOWN PAPER ON LAND POLLUTION IN IBADAN, THE CAUSES, EFFECTS, REMEDIAL MEASURES AND HOW EFFECTIVE THEY ARE. COMPILED BY ONIFADE SADIAT T MATRIC NO. 073862 TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OGBOMOSHO. COURSE CODE: URP 305 COURSE TITLE: PLANNING STUDIO III LECTURERS IN CHARGE: TPL A. O AKINDELE TPL E. A TOYOBO MARCH, 2010 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION LAND POLLUTION Land Pollution is the degradation of earth's land surfaces. Land can be polluted through soil or water. Human activities are the main factor and their misuse of land resources. Urbanization and industrialization are major causes of land pollution. Indiscriminate disposal of domestic (solid and liquid) and industrial wastes, exploitation of minerals, and improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural practices are a few factors. Taking Ibadan as a case study, we are going to discuss the causes of land pollution in Ibadan, the effects, the remedial measures and how effective they are. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Ibadan was historically an Egba town. The Egba occupants were forced to leave the town and moved to present-day Abeokuta under the leadership of Sodeke when the surge of Oyo refugees flocked into the towns as an aftermath of the fall of Oyo Kingdom. Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban center so much that by the end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yoruba region militarily, politically and economically. The military sanctuary expanded even further when refugees began arriving in large numbers from northern Oyo following raids by Fulani warriors. After losing the northern portion of their region to the marauding Fulanis, many Oyo indigenes retreated deeper into the Ibadan environs. The Fulani Caliphate attempted to expand further into the southern region of modern-day Nigeria, but was decisively defeated by the armies of Ibadan in 1840. The Ibadan area became a British Protectorate in 1893 and by then the population had swelled to 120,000. The British developed the new colony to facilitate their commercial activities in the area, and Ibadan shortly grew into the major trading center that it is today. At independence, Ibadan was the largest and the most populous city in Nigeria and the third in Africa after Cairo and Johannesburg. It is located in south-western, 128 km inland northeast of Lagos and 345 km southwest of , the federal capital and is a prominent point between the region and the areas to the north. The population of Ibadan was 2,550,593 according to 2006 census results, including 11local government areas. The principal inhabitants of the city are the Yorubas. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are; To identify the major sources of waste in Ibadan To identify the factors leading to land pollution To identify the effects of land pollution CHAPTER TWO WASTE GENERATION Waste which is one of the sources and causes of environmental pollution has been defined under Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (2000) as any solid, semisolid liquid or contained gaseous materials discarded from industrial, commercial, mining or agricultural operations and from community activities. Waste also includes garbage, construction debris, commercial refuse, sludge from water, control facilities and other discarded materials. Most of the solid wastes, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, and even used cars and electronic goods are not bio-degradable, which means they do not get broken down through inorganic or organic processes. Thus, when they accumulate they pose a health threat to people. Decaying wastes also attract household pests and result in urban areas becoming unhealthy, dirty, and unsightly places to reside in. Moreover, it also causes damage to terrestrial organisms, while also reducing the uses of the land for other, more useful purposes. Some of the sources of solid, liquid and gaseous waste that cause land pollution are: *Wastes from Agriculture: This comprises of waste matter produced by crop, animal manure, and farm residues. *Wastes from Mining: Piles of coal refuse and heaps of slag. *Wastes from Industries: Industrial waste matter that can cause land pollution can include paints, chemicals, and so on. *Solids from Sewage Treatment: Wastes that are left over after sewage has been treated, biomass sludge, and settled solids. *Ashes: The residual matter that remains after solid fuels are burned. Garbage: This comprises of waste matter from food that are decomposable and other waste matter that are not decomposable such as glass, metal, cloth, plastic, wood, paper, and so on. WASTE GENERATION IN IBADAN Solid waste Although it is generally agreed that enormous quantities of solid waste are generated in Ibadan daily, the exact figures have not been determined, probably owing to the use of diverse methods of calculati on. Maclaren International Ltd (1970) found that the average per capita quantity of solid waste generated was 0. 37–0. 5 kg/day for the traditional areas of the city and 0. 53 kg/day for the newer areas. According to Egunjobi (1986), 38 million kg of solid waste was collected in the suburbs of Ibadan in 1986. The suburbs constitute about 21% of the city. On this basis, it can be estimated that 181 million kg of solid waste was generated in the city as a whole in 1986. This gives a per capita waste-generation rate of 0. 31 kg/day, using the 1986 estimated population of 1. 6 million for the city. In 1982, PAI Associates recorded the volume and weight of solid waste generated per household per day in Ibadan. The study revealed that waste generation varied according to land use, with residential land use taking the bulk of the hare. The generation rates were 3. 4 kg/household per day in the traditional areas, 3. 2 kg/household per day in the newer areas, and 3. 3 kg/household per day in the whole city (altogether giving a per capita generation rate of 0. 33 kg/day). Several researchers have studied the volume of refuse generated in the city. For example, Maclaren International Ltd (1970) estimated this volume at 182 900 t. The latest study, conducted by Haskoning and Konsadem Associates (1994), estimated the per capita rate at 0. 6 kg/day, with a density of 300 kg/m3. The projections are based on an annual growth rate of population per year The solid-waste composition in Ibadan comprises leaves, paper, food waste, tins, glass, and rags (Maclaren International Ltd 1970). This is because Ibadan is located in the heart of a rich agricultural land and has a large old and unplanned section. PAI Associates (1983) made a comparative analysis of the composition of solid waste from two acres of Ibadan in 1970, which showed that residential land use accounted for 70. 1% of the waste generated, followed by commercial land use (18. 8%) and industrial land use (9. 7%). Institutional and other land use accounted for 0. % each. The mean percentage composition of solid waste in Ibadan in 1982 for different parts of the city is summarized in the table below. Mean % composition by weight GRABodijaMokola & SangoOke AdoAguguOjaba leaves7. 54. 333. 223. 532. 626. 5 Food remnants35. 519. 29. 13. 65. 46. 9 paper15. 126. 210. 719. 415. 216. 6 Cartons . 31. 54. 86. 84. 51 0. 9 Plastic & polythene4. 18. 93. 711. 54. 85. 1 Tins & metals20. 811. 415. 416. 47. 712. 8 Bones, ash dust & stones5. 916. 719. 118. 128. 821. 0 miscellaneous0. 811. 83. 00. 51. 02. 2 Liquid waste The Ibadan metropolis has a lot of problems with the management of its liquid waste. PAI Associates (1983) estimated the magnitude of liquid waste within Ibadan at 22 650 million L (an average of 6. 2 L per household), and Akintola and Agbola (1989) projected the amounts of liquid waste for 1990 and 1995 at 113. 7 million and 126. 5 million L, respectively. Liquid waste in Ibadan also contains tins, sticks, excreta, oil, pieces of iron scrap, and refuse. Outside of large institutions, such as the University of Ibadan’s Teaching Hospital and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan has no sewerage system. The city’s human waste is disposed of largely by means of septic tanks, pit latrines, and buckets. The uncontrolled disposal of liquid waste into open gutters, open spaces, along roads, etc. , poses serious health hazards. Bodies of stagnant water produce bad odours, breed mosquitoes, and sometimes obstruct the movement of people and goods. For instance, the 1983 study by PAI Associates revealed that 50% of the stagnant pools emitted bad odour, 70% bred mosquitoes, 24% obstructed the movement of people, and 12% bred worms and other germ-breeding pests. Poor practices for liquid-waste disposal are responsible for waterborne diseases that are common in the city, particularly in its inner core. The unwholesome environment forces the populace to spend appreciable portions of their low income and time on improving their personal health, with adverse consequences for general economic well-being. Industrial waste The industries in Ibadan generate a lot of waste, particularly chemical and toxic waste, explosives, and ash, but the exact quantities have not been measured. The industries make private arrangements for disposal of their waste, with little or no monitoring. Groundwater pollution is a possibility, as companies do not take precautions at disposal sites to supervise and ensure proper sanitary conditions. CAUSES OF LAND POLLUTION Some of the causes of land pollution according to Ukpong are; *Improper resources management *Destructive logging of the forest *Overgrazing and overcropping of animals *Flooding and wind erosion menace *Destruction of wetlands and marshes for development *Strip mining He also identified other indirect causes of land pollution to include population growth and population influx, lack of control of enforcement measures and jurisdictional overlap which are due to unclear authority and the use of inappropriate technology for farming and even for producing manufactured goods. This above listed causes persisted for the past decades (since independence) and will continue to be so in Ibadan because of the following factors: (i) High rate of illiteracy (ii) Ignorance (iii) Uncivil culture of indiscriminate waste littering (i. e. throwing of wastes on bare ground) (iv) People inability to maintain a sanitarily clean environment (v) Reluctance of people to cooperate with the authority by disposing solid waste in illegal dumps, rather than using the means provided by the Government; Other factors that militate against decent environment in Ibadan include i. Uncontrolled population creating slum condition; i. Poor planning; and iii. Violation of town planning regulations. EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION The increasing amount of solid waste and its disposal have become a serious environmental problem, leading to visual pollution, public health hazards, and water and air pollution. With the growth of the population and the wider use of ‘throw-away' bottles and cans , the problem of litter and waste spoils the beauty of our environment . In addition, the discarded solid waste , if untreated, will decay, producing bad smells polluting the air and water. EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION IN IBADAN Unarguably, one of the main problems facing. Ibadan City and which has become an intractable nuisance is open and indiscriminate dumping of refuse, human and animal faeces on land. Piles of decaying garbage which are substantially domestic in nature dominate strategic locations in the heart of the city including the Ibadan Lagos express way. The risks that may be anticipated include bad odour, aesthetic nuisance, fire out break, water pollution, proliferation of insects, flies, cockroaches, rats and other small and dangerous insects which can endanger public health through breeding of ailments such as dysentery, cholera, diarrhea, yellow fever, plague and filariasis. There is also reduction in the property value of land close to a dump site. Regrettably, this condition characterizes environmental culture in Ibadan. It is important to note that endangered public health situation can exert excessive pressure on the health budget, curtails productivity and worsens urban condition of health. CHAPTER THREE REMEDIAL MEASURES TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT The government established three institutions charged with the responsibility of overseeing the environment of Ibadan city. They are; (i) Ibadan Solid Waste Board. (ii) The Local Government Councils, and (iii)Ministry of Environment. Prior to the enactment of edict No 8 of 1997, Ibadan city and its environs were constitutionally broken into (11) eleven Local Government Councils which now shoulder the collection and disposal of solid wastes in Ibadan. With the commencement of the edict, the functions of the Local Government councils in the Ibadan urban area under the 1979 Nigerian Constitution, and the instrument establishing them to collect, transfer and dispose solid waste were delegated to the new Authority. The functions of the Authority are: (a) Collection, transfer, and disposal of solid wastes for the Ibadan urban area directly or indirectly; (b) Collection and registration of private refuse contractors in the city. Each refuse collection firm will need to pay specified amounts to the authority annually; (c) To hire or lease out and sell its equipment to refuse contractors at profitable rates (d) To enforce all regulations concerning refuse collection, disposal and any other sanitation laws as obtained and as may be promulgated in the city of Ibadan; (e) To make effective use of Sanitary Inspectors from the Local Government Service and to impose sanctions on any refuse contractor or citizen in form of fines for the contravention of any of the law in accordance with provision under Offences and Related Matters; (f) To maintain land fill sites around Ibadan and to charge economic rates; (g) Holding meetings concerning planning and strategy to be adopted for the success of its operations; (h) Approving the budget estimates based on the planning and strategy; (i) Ensuring proper use of governmental budget allocated for solid waste collection; (j) Improving the management and operations continuously in such a way that the best service is given against the lowest possible cost; (k) Maintenance and proper use of vehicle and buildings from the State Government entrusted to the Board; (l) Preparation of management information on sanitation and environment; PROBLEMS FACED BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN IBADAN The problems facing administration of environmental pollution in Ibadan are multi-faceted. There are four main factors responsible for the problems faced by the Administration of Environmental Pollution in Ibadan. They are (i) Poor funding (ii) Culture of the people (iii) Limited technology (iv) Human resources (i) Poor Funding: Essentially, refuse collection and disposal in Ibadan city have become such complex, capital intensive and expensive project such that it is a futile effort to expect a single institution of local government or state ministry, talk less of a parastratal to finance it from its own limited source. (ii) Culture of the People: One of the factors that pose a great challenge to the management of environmental pollution in Ibadan has to do with the culture of the people. The city is not well organized and planned. The city has for long been a commercial centre for marketers of maize, yam and other food stuff that generate heaps of refuse which are unmanageable. The illiterate culture of the people seems not to respect human dignity and decency. Many houses are without toilet facilities especially in the core of the city. People defecate indiscriminately in any available plots of land which are uncleared or along the streams. Even when toilets are built by the Local government Councils, they are carelessly used and within a short period they get spoilt. Added to this, is the poor maintenance culture of our public facilities. The provision of water to service these facilities is, to the least epileptic, if it runs at all. Finally, the socio-cultural attitude, lack of awareness and traditional syndrome of dumping refuse very close to their houses constitute a serious health hazard. (iii) Limited Technology: A visit to the garage of the Ibadan Waste Disposal Management Authority revealed that most of its operational vehicles are grounded because of minor technical problem. Even at the dumping site at Aba Eku, the scavengers are self-employed with all the health risk. The compactors relatively new are grounded with just minor complaints and little expenditure to repair them. Again this condition affirms the underfunding of the Authority earlier mentioned. Still on technology, the land fill designed to be operated sanitarily are operated as open dump due to limited technology. Furthermore, it was observed that medical refuse are deposited at the dumping site which technically ought to have been sorted out. There is also the problem of plastic and polythene products which are not bio-degradable. CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION Ibadan being the largest and most densely populated West African city should be a state on its own. Fund allocated to the state will be used in managing Ibadan only and this will therefore reduce the pressure on the fund allocated to the present day Oyo State. There should be an intensive teaching of heath education in primary and secondary schools hoping that the children would be able to influence their illiterate parents in complying with simple environmental habits and laws. Compact incinerator method should be introduced to neighbourhoods because this burns not only the waste but also the smoke and dust arising from leaves and a very small quantity of ashes i. e. about 10% of the original weight of wastes is left back in the incinerator. CONCLUSION This town paper concluded that the management of environment of Ibadan city is a function of the concerted efforts of the three agencies charged with the environmental sanitation being a capital intensive project coupled with adequate manpower and the government should regard the care of the environment as a social service by enlightening and educating the citizens on proper waste disposal methods, otherwise Ibadan city will continue to remain as the city of refuse.

The Fight For Freedom My Parents - 2185 Words

The Fight for Freedom My wants had always seemed to take the backseat to my responsibilities, with my parents in the driver s seat. My schedule was planned and predictable: school, homework, dinner, chores, sleep and repeat. I felt like a robot with the controller in my parents hands instead of my own. My resentment towards my parents grew stronger with every passing minute. I no longer saw my house as a home instead a prison in which I was sentenced to. And to question their parenting strategies would have been my death sentence. I felt like because of my sex and the possibility that I could end up pregnant, even though I didn t have a boyfriend, the leash was held tighter. I was entering high school and my urge for freedom and†¦show more content†¦Silence filled the air as we moved through stop and go traffic. My father rolled the windows down and heat came rushing in. My father was obviously not concerned about how my hair would look with the wind blowing in. Trying my best to smooth out the tangles that have now appeared my patience was running thin. But it wasn’t until we got to the school parking that my dad said something to me. â€Å"Have a good day, and don’t talk to any boys† he said. I rolled my eyes and stormed away from the car and into the gates of freedom. It felt like I was coming up for air after being held underwater by my parents. Looking around the campus I had seen giants and lost puppies searching for their first class of the new school year. It was crowded like the stores on Black Friday. Eventually, I found my class and my two best friends, Nanci and Amanda. I hugged both of them like we haven’t seen each other in ages. We talked briefly about our summers and agreed to meet back at the hill at lunch. As I went through my first four classes my mind drifted away from me. I was stuck in quicksand of envy towards my friends. They had friends for parents who didn’t hold them back from being who they were. 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